Through Three Campaigns: A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti — A Closer Reading
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This was as good as consent, and Lisle was highly delighted. In the morning, the risaldar called again.
"I have spoken," the risaldar said, "to the three officers of the company to which the soldier Mutteh Ghar belonged; and they all agreed, willingly, to help you to carry out your scheme, and think that there is very little probability of the fact that you are a new recruit being noticed. The general discipline of the regiment is in our hands. The British officers direct, but we carry out their orders. As the man was only on parade twice and, on neither of these occasions, came under general inspection of the white officers, it is probable that they do not know his face. It is certainly best that you should take Mutteh Ghar's name, as the soldiers will see nothing strange in our placing a young recruit in the ranks, after his cousin had died in the regiment. We are all of opinion, therefore, that you can take your place without difficulty; and that the chance of the change being detected by the British officers is extremely slight. We think, however, that it will be next to impossible for you always to keep up your character, and believe that you will find it so hard to live under the same conditions as the others that you yourself will tire of it."
"I can assure you that there is no fear of that," Lisle said earnestly. "I want to take part in the expedition, and am quite prepared to share in the habits and hardships of the men, whatever they may be. You know, if I were discovered I should be sent off at once, even if a fight were imminent. I think I can say that, when I undertake a thing, I will carry it through.
"I cannot tell you how grateful I feel to you all, for aiding me to carry out my wish. Will you kindly convey my thanks to the officers of the company, and particularly urge upon them that they must show me no favour, and pay no more attention to me than to the other men? Anything of that sort would certainly give rise to comment and suspicion."
"I have already told them that," the officer said, "and I think they thoroughly understand how they must act.
"The sick party are to start tomorrow morning. How do you wish the uniform of your supposed cousin to be sent to you?"
"If you hand it over to Robah, he will bring it out to me. The rifle, of course, should be handed quietly to me when I return to camp. I cannot march in with it. I shall not come in till after dark. Then the havildar must take me to one of the sepoy tents, and mention to the men there that I am Mutteh Ghar's cousin; and that, as a great favour, I am to be allowed to accompany the regiment."
"Of course, you will take with you the usual underclothes to put on, when you lay aside your uniform; and especially the loincloth, and light linen jacket, which the men use in undress."
"I will see to all that, risaldar. I can assure you that, so far from finding it a trouble to act as a native, I shall really enjoy it; and shall make very light of any hardships that I may have to undergo. When it comes to fighting I am, as you know, a very good shot; and should certainly be able to do my part, with credit."
"I will tell the havildar to be on the lookout for you, when you come into camp, and to bring you straight to me. I will then see that your uniforms and belts are properly put on, before I send you off under his charge. I hope the matter may turn out well. If it does not, you must remember that I have done my part because you urged it upon me, and prayed me to assist you for your father's sake."
"I shall never forget that, Gholam Singh, and shall always feel deeply indebted to you."
When the risaldar had left, Lisle called Robah in.
"All is arranged, Robah; and now it remains only to carry out the details. In the first place, you must get me the stain; in the second, you must go into the bazaar and buy me a loincloth and light jacket, such as the soldiers wear when they lay aside their uniforms. As to the uniform, that is already arranged for; and I shall, of course, have one of the sheepskin greatcoats that have just been served out, and which I expect I shall find indispensable. Put in my kit bag one pair of my thickest woollen vests and drawers. I cannot carry more, for I mean to take one suit of my own clothes to put on in case, by any accident, I should be discovered and sent back. I can get that carried on the baggage waggon.
"Tomorrow we shall start at five o'clock in the morning and, at the first halt, I shall leave the party quietly. I have no doubt that Gholam Singh will give orders, to the native officer in charge, that I am to be permitted to do so without remark. As soon as I leave the convoy you must join me with my uniform and, above all, with the stain. You can bring out a bag with some provisions for the day, for I shall not return to camp until after dark."
When Robah went away to make the necessary purchases, Lisle packed up his baggage and labelled it. His father's effects had all been sold, a few days after his death; as it would not have paid to send them home. They had fetched good prices, and had been gladly bought up by the other officers; some as mementoes of their late comrade, and some because they were useful.
Several of the officers came in and chatted with him while he was packing, all expressing regret that he was leaving. At mess that evening they drank his health, and a pleasant journey; and he gravely returned thanks. When the mess broke up he returned to the bungalow, and packed a small canvas bag with the suit he was going to take with him.
Then he examined and tried on the uniform of the dead sepoy; which Robah had, that evening, received from the risaldar. It fitted him fairly well. In addition to the regular uniform there was a posteen, or sheepskin coat; loose boots made of soft skin, so that the feet could be wrapped up in cloth before they were put on; and putties, or leggings, consisting of a very long strip of cloth terminating with a shorter strip of leather. These things had been served out that day to the troops, and were to be put on over the usual leg wrappings when they came to snow-covered country. They were to be carried with the men's kits till required. For ordinary wear there were the regular boots, which were strapped on like sandals.
"Well, I think I ought to be able to stand anything in the way of cold, with this sheepskin coat and the leggings, together with my own warm underclothing."
"You are sure," Robah said, "that you understand the proper folding of your turban?"
"I think so, Robah. I have seen them done up hundreds of times but, nevertheless, you shall give me a lesson when you join me tomorrow. We shall have plenty of time for it.
"Now, can you think of anything else that would be useful? If so, you can buy it tomorrow before you come out to meet me."
"No, sahib. There are the warm mittens that have been served out for mountain work; and you might take a pair of your own gloves to wear under them for, from all I hear, you will want them when you are standing out all night on picket work, among the hills."
"No, I won't take the gloves, Robah. With two pairs on, my fingers would be so muffled that I should not be able to do good shooting."
"Well, it will be cold work, for it is very late in the season and, you know, goggles have been served out to all the men to save them from snow blindness, from which they would otherwise suffer severely. I have been on expeditions in which a third of the men were quite blind, when they returned to camp."
"It must look very rum to see a whole regiment marching in goggles," Lisle laughed; "still, anything is better than being blinded."
"I shall see you sometimes, sahib; for the major engaged me, this morning, to go with him as his personal servant, as his own man is in feeble health and, though I am now getting on in years, I am still strong enough to travel with the regiment."
"I am delighted, indeed, to hear that, Robah. I shall be very glad to steal away sometimes, and have a chat with you. It will be a great pleasure to have someone I can talk to, who knows me. Of course, the native officer in command of my company will not be able to show me any favour, nor should I wish him to do so. It seems like keeping one friend, while I am cut off from all others; though I dare say I shall make some new ones among the sepoys. I have no doubt you will be very comfortable with the major."
"Yes, sahib, I am sure that he is a kind master. I shall be able, I hope, sometimes to give you a small quantity of whisky, to mix with the water in your bottle."
"No, no, Robah, when the baggage is cut down there will be very little of that taken and, however much there might be, I could not accept any that you had taken from the major's store. I must fare just the same as the others."
"Well, sahib, I hope that, at any rate, you will carry a small flask of it under your uniform. You may not want it but, if you were wounded and lying in the snow, it would be very valuable to you for, mixed with the water in your bottle, and taken from time to time, it would sustain you until you could be carried down to camp."
"That is a very good idea, Robah, and I will certainly adopt it. I will carry half a pint about with me, for emergencies such as you describe. If I do not want it, myself, it may turn out useful to keep up some wounded comrade. It will not add much to the load that I shall have to carry, and which I expect I shall feel, when we first march. As I am now, I think I could keep up with the best marcher in the regiment but, with the weight of the clothes and pouches, a hundred and twenty rounds of ammunition, and my rifle, it will be a very different thing; and I shall be desperately tired, by the time we get to the end of the day's march.
"Now it is twelve o'clock, and time to turn in, for we march at five."
The next morning, when the sick convoy started, the white officers came up to say goodbye to Lisle; and all expressed their regret that he could not accompany the regiment. The butler had gone on ahead and, as soon as Lisle slipped away, he came up to him and assisted him to make his toilet. He stained him from head to foot, dyed his hair, and fastened in it some long bunches of black horse hair, which he would wear in the Punjabi fashion on the top of his head. With the same dye he darkened his eyelashes and, when he had put on his uniform, he said:
"As far as looks go, sahib, it is certain that no one would suspect that you were not a native. There is a large bottle of stain. You will only have to do yourself over, afresh, about once in ten days. A little of this mixed with three times the amount of water will be sufficient for, if you were to put it on by itself, it would make you a great deal too dark."
They spent the day in a grove and, when evening approached, returned to camp.
"And now, goodbye, sahib! The regiment will march tomorrow morning, at daybreak. I may not have an opportunity of seeing you again, before we start. I hope I have done right, in aiding you in your desire to accompany the expedition; but I have done it for the best, and you must not blame me if harm comes of it."
"That you may be sure I will not, and I am greatly obliged to you. Now, for the present, goodbye!"
Chapter 2: The Start.
The havildar was on the lookout for Lisle when he entered the camp; but he did not know him, in his changed attire and stained face, until the lad spoke to him.
"You are well disguised, indeed, sahib," he said. "I had no idea that it was you. Now, my instructions are to take you to Gholam Singh's tent."
Here Lisle found the risaldar and the other two native officers. He saluted as he entered. The risaldar examined him carefully, before speaking.
"Good!" he said; "I did not think that a white sahib could ever disguise himself to pass as a native, though I know that it has been done before now. Certainly I have no fear of any of the white officers finding that you are not what you seem to be. I am more afraid, however, of the men. Still, even if they guessed who you are, they would not, I am sure, betray you.
"Here are your rifle and bayonet. These complete your outfit. I see that you have brought your kit with you. It is rather more bulky than usual, but will pass with the rest.
"The subadar will take you down to the men's lines. I have arranged that you shall be on the baggage guard, at first, so that you will gradually begin to know a few men of your company. They will report to the rest the story you tell them, and you will soon be received as one of themselves.
"I will see that that sack of yours goes with the rest of the kits in the baggage waggon. These officers of your company all understand that you are to be treated like the rest of the men, and not to be shown any favour. At the same time, when in camp, if there is anything that you desire, or any complaint you have to make, you can talk quietly to one of them; and he will report it to me, in which case you may be sure that I shall set the matter right, if possible."
"I don't think there is any fear of that, risaldar. I am pretty well able to take care of myself. My father gave me many lessons in boxing; and I fancy that, although most of the men are a great deal bigger and stronger than I am, I shall be able to hold my own."
"I hope so, Bullen," the havildar said gravely, "but I trust that there will be no occasion to show your skill. We Punjabis are a quiet race of men; and though, of course, quarrels occasionally occur among us, they generally end in abuse, and very seldom come to blows. The greater portion of the regiment has been with us for some years. They know each other well, and are not given to quarrelling. They will scarcely even permit their juniors to go to extremes, and I need not say that the officers of the company would interfere, at once, if they saw any signs of a disturbance.
"I have had a meal cooked, which I hope you will eat with us. It is the last you are likely to be able to enjoy, for some time. We shall feel honoured if you will sit down with us."
An excellent repast was served, and Lisle did it full justice. Then the officers all shook him by the hand, and he started with the subadar for the men's lines, with hearty thanks to the others. When they arrived at the huts, the subadar led the way in.
"Here is a new comrade," he said, as some of the men roused themselves from the ground on his entrance. "He is a cousin of Mutteh Ghar, and bears the same name. It seems that he has served in another regiment, for a short time; but was discharged, owing to sickness. He has now perfectly recovered health, and has come to join his cousin; who, on his arrival, he finds to be dead. He is very anxious to accompany the regiment and, as he understands his work, the risaldar has consented to let him go, instead of remaining behind at the depot.
"He is, of course, much affected by the loss of his cousin; and hopes that he will not be worried by questions. He will be on baggage guard tomorrow, and so will be left alone, until he recovers somewhat from his disappointment and grief."
"I will see to it, subadar," one of the sergeants said. "Mutteh Ghar was a nice young fellow, and we shall all welcome his cousin among us, if he is at all like him."
"Thank you, sergeant! I am sure you will all like him, when you come to know him; for he is a well-spoken young fellow, and I hope that he will make as good a soldier. Good night!"
So saying, he turned and left the tent.
Half an hour later, Lisle was on parade. There were but eight British officers; including the colonel, major, and adjutant, and one company officer to each two companies. The inspection was a brief one. The company officer walked along the line, paying but little attention to the men; but carefully scrutinizing their arms, to see that they were in perfect order. The regiment was put through a few simple manoeuvres; and then dismissed, as work in earnest would begin on the following morning.
Four men in each company were then told off to pack the baggage in the carts. Lisle was one of those furnished by his company. There was little talk while they were at work. In two hours the carts were packed. Then, as they returned to the lines, his three comrades entered into conversation with him.
"You are lucky to be taken," one said, "being only a recruit. I suppose it was done so that you might fill the place of your cousin?"
"Yes, that was it. They said that I had a claim; so that, if I chose, I could send money home to his family."
"They are good men, the white officers," another said. "They are like fathers to us, and we will follow them anywhere. We lately lost one of them, and miss him sorely. However, they are all good.
"We are all glad to be going on service. It is dull work in cantonments."
On arriving at the lines of the company, one of them said:
"The risaldar said that you will take your cousin's place. He slept in the same hut as I. You will soon find yourself at home with us."
He introduced Lisle to the other occupants of the hut, eighteen in number. Lisle then proceeded to follow the example of the others, by taking off his uniform and stripping to the loincloth, and a little calico jacket. He felt very strange at first, accustomed though he was to see the soldiers return to their native costume.
"Your rations are there, and those of our new comrade," one of the party said.
Several fires were burning, and Lisle followed the example of his comrade, and took the lota which formed part of his equipment, filled it with water, and put it in the ashes; adding, as soon as it boiled, the handful of rice, some ghee, and a tiny portion of meat. In an hour the meal was cooked and, taking it from the fire, he sat down in a place apart; as is usual among the native troops, who generally have an objection to eat before others.
"Those who have money," his comrade said, "can buy herbs and condiments of the little traders, and greatly improve their mess."
This Lisle knew well.
"I have a few pice," he said, "but must be careful till I get my pay."
As soon as night fell all turned in, as they were to start at daylight.
G. A. Henty’s Through Three Campaigns opens with a preface that explicitly frames the three expeditions—Chitral, Tirah, and Ashanti—as illustrations of British military endurance. The author emphasizes the adverse conditions: “passes had to be scaled, torrents to be forded, and deep snow to be crossed” in the first two, while the third required fighting in “a combination of morass and thick forest” during the rainy season. This prefatory structure immediately establishes a comparative lens, inviting readers to observe how the same qualities of courage and determination manifest across radically different terrains.
The Preface as Structural Blueprint
Henty’s preface does more than summarize; it provides a structural key to the entire work. By grouping the campaigns under the twin challenges of mountain and forest, he sets up a pattern of contrast and repetition. The Chitral and Tirah campaigns share “a mountainous country, affording every advantage to the enemy,” while the Ashanti campaign introduces “extremely formidable stockades” and a tropical climate. This framing primes the reader to notice how the narrative shifts between snowy passes and humid stockades, each demanding different tactical responses. The preface also lists six recommended sources for further reading, grounding the fictional story in documented history.
Movement Through Mountain Passes
The excerpts from the Tirah campaign reveal a relentless focus on movement through defiles and valleys. Phrases like “the 3rd Ghoorkhas led the way” and “the baggage streamed into camp” create a sense of continuous forward motion, punctuated by sudden engagements. The narration tracks the order of regiments, the timing of advances, and the position of flanking parties. A recurring image is the crossing of torrents: “the troops, baggage, and followers had to wade through the torrent, two-thirds of the way.” This detail recurs in the preface’s mention of fording, tying the physical hardship of the march to the narrative’s rhythm of advance and halt.
Forest Fighting and Stockades
In contrast to the open mountain battles, the Ashanti campaign introduces a different visual vocabulary. The preface notes that the enemy had “mastered the art of building extremely formidable stockades,” and chapter titles such as “Forest Fighting” and “Stockades and War Camps” signal a shift to close-quarters combat in dense vegetation. The illustrations listed—including “Map illustrating the Ashanti Campaign” and scenes of ambush—reinforce the claustrophobic setting. This structural alternation between open and enclosed spaces gives the book a varied pace, moving from the long views of mountain ridges to the sudden, concealed dangers of the forest.
Recurring Images of Danger and Relief
Throughout the excerpts, certain images recur across campaigns: the dead body of an enemy, the narrow escape, the night surprise. The chapter titles themselves form a pattern: “The First Fight,” “A Narrow Escape,” “A Night Surprise.” These repeated motifs create a sense of continuity even as the geographic setting changes. The preface’s claim that “the fighting is incessant, the peril constant” is borne out by the narrative’s structure, which moves from one crisis to the next. The final chapter, “At Home,” suggests a return to safety, but the journey there is marked by a series of escalating threats that test the protagonist’s endurance.
Readers approaching Through Three Campaigns will find that Henty’s structure rewards attention to the physical details of each theater—the depth of snow, the width of a river, the height of a stockade. The narrative moves briskly between set pieces, but the recurring images of crossing, climbing, and holding ground give the story a cohesive rhythm. For those interested in how adventure fiction maps onto historical campaigns, this book offers a clear example of Henty’s method: using real military actions as the backbone for a tale of personal courage.
I kept thinking about how the mountain passes in that Henty analysis felt less like places and more like thresholds, always pushing forward. It reminded me of a quieter afternoon spent with A Rebellion in Dixie — Reading Companion, where the same ache of moving through unfamiliar ground lingers, though the landscape is entirely different. That feeling stayed with me long after closing it.
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Paul Wells - 3 weeks ago
The book offers a detailed narrative of three distinct campaigns, which is both informative and engaging. However, the pace can be uneven at times, with some sections feeling overly detailed. Still, a solid read for military history enthusiasts. -
Deanna Donovan - 1 week ago
A riveting firsthand account of military campaigns in Chitral, Tirah, and Ashanti. The author's vivid descriptions transport you to the harsh terrains and the grit of soldiers. It's a must-read for history buffs and anyone interested in colonial-era warfare. -
Darius Conley - 6 days ago
While the historical events are significant, the writing feels dated and lacks a critical perspective on colonialism. The author's glorification of military actions is off-putting for modern readers. A more balanced view would have improved the book.
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